Computers as Components

Author： Wolf, Marilyn

Publishers： Elsevier Science

Publishing year： 2012

ISBN： 9780123884428

Subject： [TP 自动化技术、计算机技术]

Language： ENG

Introduction

Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design, Third Edition, presents essential knowledge on embedded systems technology and techniques. Updated for today's embedded systems design methods, this volume features new examples including digital signal processing, multimedia, and cyber-physical systems. It also covers the latest processors from Texas Instruments, ARM, and Microchip Technology plus software, operating systems, networks, consumer devices, and more.

Like the previous editions, this textbook uses real processors to demonstrate both technology and techniques; shows readers how to apply principles to actual design practice; stresses necessary fundamentals that can be applied to evolving technologies; and helps readers gain facility to design large, complex embedded systems. Updates in this edition include: description of cyber-physical systems; exploration of the PIC and TI OMAP processors; high-level representations of systems using signal flow graphs; enhanced material on interprocess communication and buffering in operating systems; and design examples that include an audio player, digital camera, and cell phone. The author maintains a robust ancillary site at http://www.marilynwolf.us/CaC3e/index.html which includes a variety of support materials for instructors and students, including PowerPoint slides for each chapter; lab assignments developed for multiple systems including the ARM-based BeagleBoard computer; downloada

Chapter

  • Front Cover

  • Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design

  • Copyright Page

  • Dedication

  • Table of Contents

  • Foreword to the First Edition

  • Preface to the First Edition

  • A note to embedded system professionals

  • A note to teachers

  • Acknowledgments

  • Preface to the Second Edition

  • Acknowledgments

  • Preface to the Third Edition

  • 1 Embedded Computing

  • 1.1 Introduction

  • 1.2 Complex systems and microprocessors

  • 1.2.1 Embedding computers

  • 1.2.2 Characteristics of embedded computing applications

  • 1.2.3 Why use microprocessors?

  • 1.2.4 Cyber-physical systems

  • 1.2.5 Challenges in embedded computing system design

  • 1.2.6 Performance of embedded computing systems

  • 1.3 The embedded system design process

  • 1.3.1 Requirements

  • 1.3.2 Specification

  • 1.3.3 Architecture design

  • 1.3.4 Designing hardware and software components

  • 1.3.5 System integration

  • 1.3.6 Formalisms for system design

  • 1.3.7 Structural description

  • 1.3.8 Behavioral description

  • 1.4 Design example: Model train controller

  • 1.4.1 Requirements

  • 1.4.2 DCC

  • 1.4.3 Conceptual specification

  • 1.4.4 Detailed specification

  • 1.4.5 Lessons learned

  • 1.5 A guided tour of this book

  • 1.5.1 Chapter 2: Instruction sets

  • 1.5.2 Chapter 3: CPUs

  • 1.5.3 Chapter 4: Computing platforms

  • 1.5.4 Chapter 5: Program design and analysis

  • 1.5.5 Chapter 6: Processes and operating systems

  • 1.5.6 Chapter 7: System design techniques

  • 1.5.7 Chapter 8: Networks and multiprocessors

  • 1.6 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 2 Instruction Sets

  • 2.1 Introduction

  • 2.2 Preliminaries

  • 2.2.1 Computer architecture taxonomy

  • 2.2.2 Assembly languages

  • 2.2.3 VLIW processors

  • 2.3 ARM processor

  • 2.3.1 Processor and memory organization

  • 2.3.2 Data operations

  • 2.3.3 Flow of control

  • 2.3.4 Advanced ARM features

  • 2.4 PICmicro mid-range family

  • 2.4.1 Processor and memory organization

  • 2.4.2 Data operations

  • 2.4.3 Flow of control

  • 2.5 TI C55x DSP

  • 2.5.1 Processor and memory organization

  • 2.5.2 Addressing modes

  • 2.5.3 Data operations

  • 2.5.4 Flow of control

  • 2.5.5 C coding guidelines

  • 2.6 TI C64x

  • 2.7 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 3 CPUs

  • 3.1 Introduction

  • 3.2 Programming input and output

  • 3.2.1 Input and output devices

  • 3.2.2 Input and output primitives

  • 3.2.3 Busy-wait I/O

  • 3.2.4 Interrupts

  • Basics

  • Priorities and vectors

  • Interrupt overhead

  • Interrupts in ARM

  • Interrupts in C55x

  • Interrupts in PIC16F

  • 3.3 Supervisor mode, exceptions, and traps

  • 3.3.1 Supervisor mode

  • 3.3.2 Exceptions

  • 3.3.3 Traps

  • 3.4 Co-processors

  • 3.5 Memory system mechanisms

  • 3.5.1 Caches

  • 3.5.2 Memory management units and address translation

  • 3.6 CPU performance

  • 3.6.1 Pipelining

  • 3.6.2 Cache performance

  • 3.7 CPU power consumption

  • 3.8 Design example: Data compressor

  • 3.8.1 Requirements and algorithm

  • 3.8.2 Specification

  • 3.8.3 Program design

  • 3.8.4 Testing

  • 3.9 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 4 Computing Platforms

  • 4.1 Introduction

  • 4.2 Basic computing platforms

  • 4.2.1 Platform hardware components

  • 4.2.2 Platform software components

  • 4.3 The CPU bus

  • 4.3.1 Bus organization and protocol

  • 4.3.2 DMA

  • 4.3.3 System bus configurations

  • 4.4 Memory devices and systems

  • 4.4.1 Memory system organization

  • 4.5 Designing with computing platforms

  • 4.5.1 Example platforms

  • 4.5.2 Choosing a platform

  • 4.5.3 Intellectual property

  • 4.5.4 Development environments

  • 4.5.5 Debugging techniques

  • 4.5.6 Debugging challenges

  • 4.6 Consumer electronics architecture

  • 4.6.1 Consumer electronics use cases and requirements

  • 4.6.2 File systems

  • 4.7 Platform-level performance analysis

  • 4.8 Design example: Alarm clock

  • 4.8.1 Requirements

  • 4.8.2 Specification

  • 4.8.3 System architecture

  • 4.8.4 Component design and testing

  • 4.8.5 System integration and testing

  • 4.9 Design example: Audio player

  • 4.9.1 Theory of operation and requirements

  • 4.9.2 Specification

  • 4.9.3 System architecture

  • 4.9.4 Component design and testing

  • 4.9.5 System integration and debugging

  • 4.10 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 5 Program Design and Analysis

  • 5.1 Introduction

  • 5.2 Components for embedded programs

  • 5.2.1 State machines

  • 5.2.2 Circular buffers and stream-oriented programming

  • 5.2.3 Queues and producer/consumer systems

  • 5.3 Models of programs

  • 5.3.1 Data flow graphs

  • 5.3.2 Control/data flow graphs

  • 5.4 Assembly, linking, and loading

  • 5.4.1 Assemblers

  • 5.4.2 Linking

  • 5.4.3 Object code design

  • 5.5 Compilation techniques

  • 5.5.1 The compilation process

  • 5.5.2 Basic compilation methods

  • 5.5.3 Compiler optimizations

  • 5.6 Program-level performance analysis

  • 5.6.1 Elements of program performance

  • 5.6.2 Measurement-driven performance analysis

  • 5.7 Software performance optimization

  • 5.7.1 Loop optimizations

  • 5.7.2 Cache optimizations

  • 5.7.3 Performance optimization strategies

  • 5.8 Program-level energy and power analysis and optimization

  • 5.9 Analysis and optimization of program size

  • 5.10 Program validation and testing

  • 5.10.1 Clear-box testing

  • 5.10.2 Black-box testing

  • 5.10.3 Evaluating functional tests

  • 5.11 Design example: Software modem

  • 5.11.1 Theory of operation and requirements

  • 5.11.2 Specification

  • 5.11.3 System architecture

  • 5.11.4 Component design and testing

  • 5.11.5 System integration and testing

  • 5.12 Design example: Digital still camera

  • 5.12.1 Theory of operation and requirements

  • 5.12.2 Specification

  • 5.12.3 System Architecture

  • 5.12.4 Component design and testing

  • 5.12.5 System integration and testing

  • 5.13 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 6 Processes and Operating Systems

  • 6.1 Introduction

  • 6.2 Multiple tasks and multiple processes

  • 6.2.1 Tasks and processes

  • 6.3 Multirate systems

  • 6.3.1 Timing requirements on processes

  • 6.3.2 CPU usage metrics

  • 6.3.3 Process state and scheduling

  • 6.3.4 Running periodic processes

  • 6.4 Preemptive real-time operating systems

  • 6.4.1 Two basic concepts

  • 6.4.2 Processes and context

  • 6.4.3 Processes and object-oriented design

  • 6.5 Priority-based scheduling

  • 6.5.1 Rate-monotonic scheduling

  • 6.5.2 Shared resources

  • 6.5.3 Priority inversion

  • 6.5.4 Earliest-deadline-first scheduling

  • 6.5.7 RMS versus EDF

  • 6.5.8 A closer look at our modeling assumptions

  • 6.6 Interprocess communication mechanisms

  • 6.6.1 Shared memory communication

  • 6.6.2 Message passing

  • 6.6.3 Signals

  • 6.6.4 Mailboxes

  • 6.7 Evaluating operating system performance

  • 6.8 Power optimization strategies for processes

  • 6.9 Example real-time operating systems

  • 6.9.1 POSIX

  • 6.9.2 Windows CE

  • 6.10 Design example: Telephone answering machine

  • 6.10.1 Theory of operation and requirements

  • 6.10.2 Specification

  • 6.10.3 System architecture

  • 6.10.4 Component design and testing

  • 6.10.5 System integration and testing

  • 6.11 Design example: Engine control unit

  • 6.11.1 Theory of operation and requirements

  • 6.11.2 Specification

  • 6.11.3 System architecture

  • 6.11.4 Component design and testing

  • 6.11.5 System integration and testing

  • 6.12 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 7 System Design Techniques

  • 7.1 Introduction

  • 7.2 Design methodologies

  • 7.2.1 Why design methodologies?

  • 7.2.2 Design flows

  • 7.3 Requirements analysis

  • 7.4 Specifications

  • 7.4.1 Control-oriented specification languages

  • 7.4.2 Advanced specifications

  • 7.5 System analysis and architecture design

  • 7.5.1 CRC cards

  • 7.6 Quality assurance

  • 7.6.1 Quality assurance techniques

  • 7.6.2 Verifying the specification

  • 7.6.3 Design reviews

  • 7.7 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • 8 Networks and Multiprocessors

  • 8.1 Introduction

  • 8.2 Why networks and multiprocessors?

  • 8.3 Categories of multiprocessors

  • 8.4 Distributed embedded systems

  • 8.4.1 Network abstractions

  • 8.4.2 CAN bus

  • 8.4.3 Distributed computing in cars and airplanes

  • 8.4.4 I2C bus

  • 8.4.5 Ethernet

  • 8.4.6 Internet

  • 8.5 MPSoCs and shared memory multiprocessors

  • 8.5.1 Heterogeneous shared memory multiprocessors

  • 8.5.2 Accelerators

  • 8.5.3 Accelerator performance analysis

  • 8.5.4 Scheduling and allocation

  • 8.6 Design example: Video accelerator

  • 8.6.1 Video compression

  • 8.6.2 Algorithm and requirements

  • 8.6.3 Specification

  • 8.6.4 Architecture

  • 8.6.5 Component design

  • 8.6.6 System testing

  • 8.7 Application example: Compact disc

  • 8.8 Summary

  • What we learned

  • Further reading

  • Questions

  • Lab exercises

  • Glossary

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  • References

  • Index

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