Petrophysics

Author： Tiab, Djebbar;Donaldson, Erle C.

Publishers： Elsevier Science

Publishing year： 2011

ISBN： 9780123838490

Subject： [P5 地质学][TK 能源与动力工程]

Language： ENG

Introduction

Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport Properties, Third Edition includes updated case studies, examples and experiments as well as a new chapter on modeling and simulations. It also includes recent advances in wireline logging interpretation methods, effective media models, inversion of resistivity log measurements, dipole acoustic shear and Stoneley wave techniques, Biot-Gassmann models and MRI.

  • Comprehensive but easy to use
  • New case studies, exercises and worked examples
  • A 30% update over the second edition
  • Techniques for conducting competent quick-look evaluations
  • Online component with step-by-step calculations, modeling and simulations, and experiments

Chapter

  • Front Cover

  • Petrophysics

  • Copyright Page

  • Contents

  • Preface

  • About the Authors

  • Acknowledgment

  • Units

  • 1. Introduction to Mineralogy

  • Mineral Constituents of Rocks—A Review

  • Igneous Rocks

  • Metamorphic Rocks

  • Sedimentary Rocks

  • Siltstones (Mudrocks)

  • Sandstones

  • Carbonates

  • Evaporites

  • Properties of Sedimentary Particles

  • Development and Use of Petrophysics

  • Objectives and Organization

  • Problems

  • Glossary

  • 2. Introduction to Petroleum Geology

  • Review of Composition of the Globe

  • Plate Tectonics

  • Geologic Time

  • Sedimentary Geology

  • Basins

  • Divergent Continental Margins

  • Convergent Continental Margins

  • Transform Continental Margins

  • Transgressive-Regressive Cycles

  • Accumulation of Sediments

  • Hydrocarbon Traps

  • Origin of Petroleum

  • Transformation of Organics into Kerogen

  • Transformation of Kerogen into Oil and Gas

  • Migration and Accumulation of Petroleum

  • Primary Migration

  • Secondary Migration

  • Properties of Subsurface Fluids

  • Hydrostatic Pressure Gradient

  • Lithostatic Pressure Gradient

  • Geothermal Gradient

  • Oilfield Waters

  • Petroleum

  • Petroleum Chemistry

  • Problems

  • 3. Porosity and Permeability

  • Porosity

  • Factors Governing the Magnitude of Porosity

  • Engineering Classification of Porosity

  • Geological Classification of Porosity

  • Primary Porosity

  • Secondary Porosity

  • Visual Description of Porosity in Carbonate Rocks

  • Fluid Saturation

  • Quantitative Use of Porosity

  • Permeability

  • Classification of Permeability

  • Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Permeability

  • Permeability–Porosity Relationships

  • Kozeny Correlation

  • Concept of Flow Units

  • Mathematical Theory of Flow Units

  • Specific Surface Area

  • Flow Unit Characterization Factors

  • Flow Units Functions

  • Reservoir Zonation Using Normalized RQI

  • Effect of Packing on Permeability

  • Effect of Water Saturation on Permeability

  • Permeability from NMR and GR Logs

  • Permeability from GR Logs

  • Permeability–Porosity Relationships in Carbonate Rocks

  • Estimating Permeability in Carbonate Rocks

  • Directional Permeability

  • Anisotropy

  • Relationship Between k[sub(H)] and k[sub(V)]

  • Reservoir Heterogeneity

  • Microscopic Heterogeneity

  • Macroscopic Heterogeneity

  • Mesoscopic Heterogeneity

  • Megascopic Heterogeneity

  • Gigascopic Heterogeneity

  • Distribution of Rock Properties

  • Permeability and Porosity Distributions

  • Lorenz Coefficient L[sub(K)]

  • Dykstra–Parsons Coefficient V[sub(K)]

  • Averaging Techniques

  • Effective Permeability from Core Data

  • Average Porosity and Saturation

  • Permeability from Well Test Data

  • Statistical Zonation Technique

  • Problems

  • 4. Formation Resistivity and Water Saturation

  • Formation Resistivity Factor

  • Resistivity Measurement

  • Determination of Formation Water Resistivity

  • Chemical Analysis

  • Resistivity–Concentration Equations

  • Spontaneous Potential Curve

  • Shale-Properties Method

  • Correlation Between F[sub(R)] and Porosity

  • Correlations Between F[sub(R)] and Tortuosity

  • Correlations Between F[sub(R)] and Cementation

  • Theoretical Formula for F[sub(R)]

  • Correlation Between F[sub(R)] and Water Saturation

  • Correlation Between F[sub(R)] and Permeability

  • Resistivity of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks

  • Water Saturation in Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks

  • Approximate Shale Relationship

  • Generalized Shale Relationship

  • Flow Units for Shaly Sandstones

  • Lab-derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks

  • Log-Derived Evaluation of Shaly (Clayey) Reservoir Rocks

  • Formation Evaluation

  • Core Analysis

  • Well Log Analysis

  • Water Saturation

  • Porosity

  • Core Interpretation of Data

  • Interpretation of Well Log Data

  • Problems

  • 5. Capillary Pressure

  • Introduction

  • Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation

  • Capillary Rise

  • Capillary Pressure J-Function

  • Semipermeable Disk Measurement of Capillary Pressure

  • Measurement of Capillary Pressure by Mercury Injection

  • Centrifuge Measurement of Capillary Pressure

  • Laboratory Procedure

  • Calculation of Centrifuge Capillary Pressure Data

  • Limiting Centrifuge Speed

  • Approximate Calculation of the Inlet Saturation

  • Theoretically Exact Calculation of the Inlet Saturation

  • Pore Size Distribution

  • Vertical Saturation Profile in a Reservoir

  • Capillary Number

  • Problems

  • 6. Wettability

  • Interfacial Tension

  • Contact Angle

  • Sessile Drop Measurement of Contact Angles

  • Wilhelmy Plate Measurement of Contact Angles

  • Surface Chemical Properties

  • Evaluation of Wettability

  • Amott Wettability Index

  • USBM Wettability Index

  • Combined Amott–USBM Wettability Test

  • Spontaneous Imbibition Wettability Test

  • Fluid Displacement Energy

  • Water–Oil–Rock Interfacial Activity

  • Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery

  • Effect of Brine Salinity on Oil Recovery

  • Alteration of Wettability

  • Treatment of the Rock

  • Addition of Fluid-Soluble Compounds to Water and Oil

  • Aging the Oil–Brine–Rock System

  • Effects of Temperature and Pressure

  • Restoration of Original Wettability

  • Effect of Wettability on Electrical Properties

  • Problems

  • 7. Applications of Darcy´s Law

  • Darcy´s Law

  • Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids

  • Linear Flow of Gas

  • Darcy´s and Poiseuille´s Laws

  • Linear Flow Through Fractures and Channels

  • Flow Through Fractures

  • Flow Through Solution Channels

  • Radial Flow Systems

  • Steady-State Flow

  • Pseudosteady-State Flow

  • Skin Zone

  • Dimensionless Pressure

  • Radial Laminar Flow of Gas

  • Turbulent Flow of Gas

  • Linear Turbulent Flow

  • Friction Factor of Porous Rocks

  • Turbulent Radial Flow

  • Multiple-Permeability Rocks

  • Layered Reservoirs with Crossflow

  • Layered Reservoirs Without Crossflow

  • Composite Reservoirs

  • Linear Flow Systems

  • Radial Flow Systems

  • Problems

  • 8. Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

  • Introduction

  • Origin of Permeability in Carbonate Rocks

  • Geological Classifications of Natural Fractures

  • Engineering Classification of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

  • Indicators of Natural Fractures

  • Visual Identification of Fractures

  • Petrophysical Properties of Naturally Fractured Rocks

  • Fracture Porosity Determination

  • Cementation Factor for Carbonates

  • Porosity Partitioning Coefficient

  • Fracture Intensity Index

  • Permeability–Porosity Relationships in Double Porosity Systems

  • Porosity and Permeability relationships in Type 1 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

  • Fractures Porosity and Aperture from Cores

  • Specific Area of Fractures

  • Effect of Fracture Shape

  • Hydraulic Radius of Fractures

  • Type 2 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

  • Fluid Flow Modeling in Fractures

  • Fracture Area

  • Fracture Storage Capacity

  • Fracture Conductivity

  • Characterizing Natural Fractures from Well-Test Data

  • Fracture Porosity from Pressure Tests

  • Problems

  • 9. Effect of Stress on Reservoir Rock Properties

  • Static Stress–Strain Relation

  • Stress Analysis

  • Strain Analysis

  • Two-Dimensional Stress–Strain Systems

  • Rock Deformation

  • Hooke´s Law

  • Stress-Strain Diagrams

  • The Mohr Diagram

  • Dynamic Elastic Properties

  • Dynamic Versus Static Modulus of Elasticity

  • Rock Strength and Hardness

  • Rock Hardness

  • Compressibility of Porous Rocks

  • Pore Compressibility

  • Effectiveness of Pore Pressure in Countering Stress

  • Rock Compressibility Correlations

  • Effect of Pore Compressibility on Reserves Calculations

  • Converting Lab Data to Reservoir Data

  • Effect of Stress on Core Data

  • Effect of Stress on Porosity

  • Effect of Stress on Permeability

  • Effect of Stress on Resistivity

  • Porosity–Permeability–Stress Relationship

  • Effect of Stress on Fracturing

  • Effect of Poisson´s Ratio on Fracture Gradient

  • FG for Offshore Wells

  • Effect of Poisson´s Ratio on Fracture Dimensions

  • In Situ Stress Distribution

  • Effect of Stress Change on Rock Failure

  • Change in Stress Field due to Depletion and Repressurization

  • Stress Relationship at the Wellbore

  • Estimating Critical Borehole Pressure in Vertical Wells

  • Overbalanced Conditions

  • Balanced and Underbalanced Conditions

  • Critical Borehole Pressure in Horizontal Wells

  • Overbalanced Conditions

  • Underbalanced Conditions

  • Critical Pore Pressure

  • Example of a North Sea Reservoir

  • Porosity as Strength Indicator to Evaluate Sand Production

  • Problems

  • Additional Sample Data

  • 10. Reservoir Characterization

  • Introduction

  • Reservoir Volumes

  • Hydraulic Flow Units

  • Mobility Ratio

  • J-Function

  • Analysis of Reservoir Performance

  • Decline Curves

  • Material Balance

  • Solution-Gas Drive

  • Gas-Cap Drive

  • Water Drive

  • Gravity Drainage

  • Development of the General Material Balance Equation

  • Gas Reservoir

  • Straight Line Solutions of the Material Balance Equation

  • Gas Reservoir (Eq. (10.21))

  • Oil Reservoirs

  • Example Fortran Program Analysis of a Decline Curve

  • Problems

  • 11. Fluid–Rock Interactions

  • Introduction

  • Importance of Near-Wellbore Permeability

  • Nature of Permeability Damage

  • Origin of Permeability Damage

  • Types of Permeability Damage

  • Effect of Fines Migration on Permeability

  • Types and Sizes of Fines

  • Fines Migration

  • Chemical Damage

  • Mechanical Damage

  • Migration of Foreign Solids

  • Critical Velocity Concept

  • Entrainment and Surface Deposition

  • Entrainment and Plugging

  • Identification of Permeability Damage Mechanisms

  • Permeability Damage from Foreign Solids

  • Permeability Damage from Formation Fines

  • Effect of Water Quality on Permeability

  • External Filter-Cake Buildup

  • Internal Filter-Cake Buildup

  • Injectivity Decline from Plugging of Perforations

  • Impairment from Wellbore Fill-up

  • Membrane Filtration Tests

  • Core Filtration Tests

  • External Filter-Cake Formation

  • Internal Filter-Cake Formation

  • Problems

  • 12. Basic Well-Log Interpretation

  • Introduction

  • Geothermal Gradient

  • Self-Potential Log

  • Gamma Ray Log

  • Acoustic Log

  • Density Log

  • Neutron Log

  • Mini Log

  • Microlatero and Proximity Logs

  • Measurement of Oil and Gas

  • Appendix

  • Index

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