Op Amps for Everyone

Author： Carter, Bruce

Publishers： Elsevier Science

Publishing year： 2009

ISBN： 9780080949482

Subject： [TN 无线电电子学、电信技术]

Language： ENG

Introduction

The op amp IC has become the universal analog IC because it can perform all analog tasks. OP AMPS FOR EVERYONE provides the theoretical tools and practical know-how to get the most from these versatile devices. This new edition substantially updates coverage for low-speed and high-speed applications, and provides step by step walkthroughs for design and selection of op amps and circuits.

* Modular organization allows readers, based on their own background and level of experience, to start at any chapter
* written by experts at Texas Instruments and based on real op amps and circuit designs from TI
* NEW: large number of new cases for single supply op amp design techniques, including use of web-based design tool
* NEW: complete design walk-through for low-speed precision op amp selection and circuit design
* NEW: updates, including new techniques, for design for high-speed, low distortion applications.
* NEW: extensive new material on filters and filter design, including high-speed filtering for video and data

Chapter

  • Front Cover

  • Op Amps for Everyone

  • Copyright Page

  • Important Notice

  • Dedication

  • Contents

  • Foreword

  • First Edition Credits

  • Preface to the Third Edition

  • Chapter 1: The Op Amp's Place in the World

  • 1.1 The Problem

  • 1.2 The Solution

  • 1.3 The Birth of the Op Amp

  • 1.4 The Vacuum Tube Era

  • 1.5 The Transistor Era

  • 1.6 The IC Era

  • Reference

  • Chapter 2: Review of Circuit Theory

  • 2.1 Introduction

  • 2.2 Laws of Physics

  • 2.3 Voltage Divider Rule

  • 2.4 Current Divider Rule

  • 2.5 Thevenin's Theorem

  • 2.6 Superposition

  • 2.7 Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit

  • 2.8 Transistor Amplifier

  • Chapter 3: Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations

  • 3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions

  • 3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp

  • 3.3 The Inverting Op Amp

  • 3.4 The Adder

  • 3.5 The Differential Amplifier

  • 3.6 Complex Feedback Networks

  • 3.7 Video Amplifiers

  • 3.8 Capacitors

  • 3.9 Why an Ideal Op Amp Would Destroy the Known Universe

  • 3.10 Summary

  • Chapter 4: Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques

  • 4.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply

  • 4.2 Circuit Analysis

  • 4.3 Simultaneous Equations

  • 4.3.1 Case 1. VOUT = mVIN + b

  • 4.3.2 Case 2. VOUT = mVIN - b

  • 4.3.3 Case 3. VOUT = -mVIN + b

  • 4.3.4 Case 4. VOUT = -mVIN - b

  • 4.4 Summary

  • Chapter 5: Beyond Case 4

  • 5.1 A Continuum of Applications

  • 5.2 Noninverting Attenuator with Zero Offset

  • 5.3 Noninverting Attenuation with Positive Offset

  • 5.4 Noninverting Attenuation with Negative Offset

  • 5.5 Inverting Attenuation with Zero Offset

  • 5.6 Inverting Attenuation with Positive Offset

  • 5.7 Inverting Attenuation with Negative Offset

  • 5.8 Conclusion

  • Chapter 6: Feedback and Stability Theory

  • 6.1 Why Study Feedback Theory?

  • 6.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations

  • 6.3 Feedback Equation and Stability

  • 6.4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits

  • 6.5 Loop Gain Plots Are the Key to Understanding Stability

  • 6.6 The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions

  • References

  • Chapter 7: Development of the Nonideal Op Amp Equations

  • 7.1 Introduction

  • 7.2 Review of the Canonical Equations

  • 7.3 Noninverting Op Amps

  • 7.4 Inverting Op Amps

  • 7.5 Differential Op Amps

  • Chapter 8: Voltage Feedback Op Amp Compensation

  • 8.1 Introduction

  • 8.2 Internal Compensation

  • 8.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance

  • 8.4 Dominant Pole Compensation

  • 8.5 Gain Compensation

  • 8.6 Lead Compensation

  • 8.7 Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp

  • 8.8 Lead/Lag Compensation

  • 8.9 Comparison of Compensation Schemes

  • 8.10 Conclusions

  • Chapter 9: Current Feedback Op Amp Analysis

  • 9.1 Introduction

  • 9.2 CFA Model

  • 9.3 Development of the Stability Equation

  • 9.4 The Noninverting CFA

  • 9.5 The Inverting CFA

  • 9.6 Stability Analysis

  • 9.7 Selection of the Feedback Resistor

  • 9.8 Stability and Input Capacitance

  • 9.9 Stability and Feedback Capacitance

  • 9.10 Compensation of CF and CG

  • 9.11 Summary

  • Chapter 10: Voltage and Current Feedback Op Amp Comparison

  • 10.1 Introduction

  • 10.2 Precision

  • 10.3 Bandwidth

  • 10.4 Stability

  • 10.5 Impedance

  • 10.6 Equation Comparison

  • Chapter 11: Fully Differential Op Amps

  • 11.1 Introduction

  • 11.2 What Does Fully Differential Mean?

  • 11.3 How Is the Second Output Used?

  • 11.4 Differential Gain Stages

  • 11.5 Single Ended to Differential Conversion

  • 11.6 Working with Terminated Inputs

  • 11.7 A New Function

  • 11.8 Conceptualizing the VOCM Input

  • 11.9 Instrumentation

  • 11.10 Filter Circuits

  • 11.10.1 Single Pole Filters

  • 11.10.2 Double Pole Filters

  • 11.10.3 Multiple Feedback Filters

  • 11.10.4 Biquad Filter

  • Chapter 12: Op Amp Noise Theory and Applications

  • 12.1 Introduction

  • 12.2 Characterization

  • 12.2.1 rms versus P-P Noise

  • 12.2.2 Noise Floor

  • 12.2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio

  • 12.2.4 Multiple Noise Sources

  • 12.2.5 Noise Units

  • 12.3 Types of Noise

  • 12.3.1 Shot Noise

  • 12.3.2 Thermal Noise

  • 12.3.3 Flicker Noise

  • 12.3.4 Burst Noise

  • 12.3.5 Avalanche Noise

  • 12.4 Noise Colors

  • 12.4.1 White Noise

  • 12.4.2 Pink Noise

  • 12.4.3 Red/Brown Noise

  • 12.5 Op Amp Noise

  • 12.5.1 The Noise Corner Frequency and Total Noise

  • 12.5.2 The Corner Frequency

  • 12.5.3 The Op Amp Circuit Noise Model

  • 12.5.4 Inverting Op Amp Circuit Noise

  • 12.5.5 Noninverting Op Amp Circuit Noise

  • 12.5.6 Differential Op Amp Circuit Noise Model

  • 12.5.7 Summary

  • 12.6 Putting It All Together

  • Reference

  • Chapter 13: Understanding Op Amp Parameters

  • 13.1 Introduction

  • 13.2 Temperature Coefficient of the Input Offset Current, alphaIIO

  • 13.3 Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Voltage, alphaVIO or alphaVIO

  • 13.4 Differential Gain Error, AD

  • 13.5 Gain Margin Parameter, Am

  • 13.6 Open Loop Voltage Gain Parameter, AOL

  • 13.7 Large Signal Voltage Amplification Gain Condition, AV

  • 13.8 Differential Large Signal Voltage Amplification Parameter, AVD

  • 13.9 Unity Gain Bandwidth Parameter, B1

  • 13.10 Maximum Output Swing Bandwidth Parameter, BOM

  • 13.11 Bandwidth Parameter, BW

  • 13.12 Input Capacitance Parameter, CI

  • 13.13 Common Mode Input Capacitance Parameter, Cic or Ci(c)

  • 13.14 Differential Input Capacitance Parameter, Cid

  • 13.15 Load Capacitance Condition, CL

  • 13.16 Supply Voltage Sensitivity, DeltaVDDplusmn(or CCplusmn)/DeltaVIO or kSVS

  • 13.17 Common Mode Rejection Ratio Parameter, CMRR or kCMR

  • 13.18 Frequency Condition, f

  • 13.19 Op Amp Gain Bandwidth Product Parameter, GBW

  • 13.20 Supply Current (Shutdown) Parameter, ICC(SHDN) or IDD(SHDN)

  • 13.21 Supply Current Parameter, ICC or IDD

  • 13.22 Input Current Range Parameter, II

  • 13.23 Input Bias Current Parameter, IIB

  • 13.24 Input Offset Current Parameter, IIO

  • 13.25 Input Noise Current Parameter, In

  • 13.26 Output Current Parameter, IO

  • 13.27 Low Level Output Current Condition, IOL

  • 13.28 Short Circuit Output Current Parameter, IOS or ISC

  • 13.29 Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, kSVR

  • 13.30 Power Dissipation Parameter, PD

  • 13.31 Power Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, PSRR

  • 13.32 Junction to Ambient Thermal Resistance Parameter, thetaJA

  • 13.33 Junction to Case Thermal Resistance Parameter, thetaJC

  • 13.34 Input Resistance Parameter, ri

  • 13.35 Differential Input Resistance Parameter (rid or ri(d))

  • 13.36 Load Resistance Condition, RL

  • 13.37 Null Resistance Condition, Rnull

  • 13.38 Output Resistance Parameters, ro

  • 13.39 Signal Source Condition, RS

  • 13.40 Open Loop Transresistance Parameters, Rt

  • 13.41 Op Amp Slew Rate Parameter, SR

  • 13.42 Operating Free Air Temperature Condition, TA

  • 13.43 Turn off Time (Shutdown) Parameter, tDIS or t(off)

  • 13.44 Turn on Time (Shutdown) Parameter, tEN

  • 13.45 Fall Time Parameter, tf

  • 13.46 Total Harmonic Distortion Parameter, THD

  • 13.47 Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise Parameter, THD + N

  • 13.48 Maximum Junction Temperature Parameter, TJ

  • 13.49 Rise Time Parameter, tr

  • 13.50 Settling Time Parameter, ts

  • 13.51 Storage Temperature Parameter, TS or Tstg

  • 13.52 Supply Voltage Condition, VCC or VDD

  • 13.53 Input Voltage Range Condition or Parameter, VI

  • 13.54 Common Mode Input Voltage Condition, VIC

  • 13.55 Common Mode Input Voltage Range Parameter, VICR

  • 13.56 Differential Input Voltage Parameter, VID

  • 13.57 Differential Input Voltage Range Parameter, VDIR

  • 13.58 Turn on Voltage (Shutdown) Parameter, VIH-SHDN or V(ON)

  • 13.59 Turn off Voltage (Shutdown) Parameter, VIL-SHDN or V(OFF)

  • 13.60 Input Voltage Condition, VIN

  • 13.61 Input Offset Voltage Parameter, VIO or VOS

  • 13.62 Equivalent Input Noise Voltage Parameter, Vn

  • 13.63 Broadband Noise Parameter (VN(PP))

  • 13.64 High Level Output Voltage Condition or Parameter, VOH

  • 13.65 Low Level Output Voltage Condition or Parameter, VOL

  • 13.66 Maximum Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Parameter, VOMplusmn

  • 13.67 Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Condition or Parameter, VO(PP)

  • 13.68 Step Voltage Peak to Peak Condition, V(STEP)PP

  • 13.69 Crosstalk Parameter, XT

  • 13.70 Output Impedance Parameter, Zo

  • 13.71 Open Loop Transimpedance Parameter, Zt

  • 13.72 Differential Phase Error Parameter, PhiD

  • 13.73 Phase Margin Parameter, Phim

  • 13.74 Bandwidth for 0.1 dB Flatness

  • 13.75 Case Temperature for 60 Seconds

  • 13.76 Continuous Total Dissipation Parameter

  • 13.77 Duration of Short Circuit Current

  • 13.78 Input Offset Voltage Long Term Drift Parameter

  • 13.79 Lead Temperature for 10 or 60 Seconds

  • Chapter 14: Instrumentation: Sensors to A/D Converters

  • 14.1 Introduction

  • 14.2 Transducer Types

  • 14.3 Design Procedure

  • 14.4 Review of the System Specifications

  • 14.5 Reference Voltage Characterization

  • 14.6 Transducer Characterization

  • 14.7 ADC Characterization

  • 14.8 Op Amp Selection

  • 14.9 Amplifier Circuit Design

  • 14.10 Test

  • 14.11 Summary

  • Reference

  • Chapter 15: Interfacing an Op Amp to an Analog to Digital Converter

  • 15.1 Introduction

  • 15.2 System Information

  • 15.3 Power Supply Information

  • 15.4 Input Signal Characteristics

  • 15.5 Analog to Digital Converter Characteristics

  • 15.6 Operational Amplifier Characteristics

  • 15.7 Architectural Decisions

  • Chapter 16: Wireless Communication: Signal Conditioning for IF Sampling

  • 16.1 Introduction

  • 16.2 Wireless Systems

  • 16.3 Selection of ADCs/DACs

  • 16.4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps

  • 16.5 Antialiasing Filters

  • 16.6 Communication D/A Converter Reconstruction Filter

  • 16.7 External VREF Circuits for ADCs/DACs

  • 16.8 High Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits

  • References

  • Chapter 17: Using Op Amps for RF Design

  • 17.1 Introduction

  • 17.2 Advantages

  • 17.3 Disadvantages

  • 17.4 Voltage Feedback or Current Feedback?

  • 17.5 A Review of Traditional RF Amplifiers

  • 17.6 Amplifier Gain Revisited

  • 17.7 Scattering Parameters

  • 17.7.1 Input and Output VSWR S11 and S22

  • 17.7.2 Return Loss

  • 17.7.3 Forward Transmission S21

  • 17.7.4 Reverse Transmission S12

  • 17.8 Phase Linearity

  • 17.9 Frequency Response Peaking

  • 17.10 -1 dB Compression Point

  • 17.11 Two Tone, Third Order Intermodulation Intercept

  • 17.12 Noise Figure

  • 17.13 Conclusions

  • Chapter 18: Interfacing DACs to Loads

  • 18.1 Introduction

  • 18.2 Load Characteristics

  • 18.2.1 DC Loads

  • 18.2.2 AC Loads

  • 18.3 Understanding the DAC and Its Specifications

  • 18.3.1 Types of DACs-Understanding the Trade-Offs

  • 18.3.2 The Resistor Ladder DAC

  • 18.3.3 The Weighted Resistor DAC

  • 18.3.4 The R/2R DAC

  • 18.3.5 The Sigma Delta DAC

  • 18.4 DAC Error Budget

  • 18.4.1 Accuracy versus Resolution

  • 18.4.2 DC Application Error Budget

  • 18.4.3 AC Application Error Budget

  • 18.4.4 RF Application Error Budget

  • 18.5 DAC Errors and Parameters

  • 18.5.1 DC Errors and Parameters

  • 18.5.2 AC Errors and Parameters

  • 18.6 Compensating for DAC Capacitance

  • 18.7 Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage

  • 18.7.1 Current Boosters

  • 18.7.2 Voltage Boosters

  • 18.7.3 Power Boosters

  • 18.7.4 Single Supply Operation and DC Offsets

  • Chapter 19: Sine Wave Oscillators

  • 19.1 What Is a Sine Wave Oscillator?

  • 19.2 Requirements for Oscillation

  • 19.3 Phase Shift in the Oscillator

  • 19.4 Gain in the Oscillator

  • 19.5 Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on the Oscillator

  • 19.6 Analysis of the Oscillator Operation (Circuit)

  • 19.7 Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits

  • 19.7.1 Wien Bridge Oscillator

  • 19.7.2 Phase Shift Oscillator, Single Amplifier

  • 19.7.3 Phase Shift Oscillator, Buffered

  • 19.7.4 Bubba Oscillator

  • 19.7.5 Quadrature Oscillator

  • 19.8 Conclusion

  • References

  • Chapter 20: Active Filter Design Techniques

  • 20.1 Introduction

  • 20.2 Fundamentals of Low Pass Filters

  • 20.2.1 Butterworth Low Pass Filters

  • 20.2.2 Tschebyscheff Low Pass Filters

  • 20.2.3 Bessel Low Pass Filters

  • 20.2.4 Quality Factor Q

  • 20.2.5 Summary

  • 20.3 Low Pass Filter Design

  • 20.3.1 First Order Low Pass Filter

  • 20.3.2 Second Order Low Pass Filter

  • 20.3.3 Higher Order Low Pass Filter

  • 20.4 High Pass Filter Design

  • 20.4.1 First Order High Pass Filter

  • 20.4.2 Second Order High Pass Filter

  • 20.4.3 Higher Order High Pass Filter

  • 20.5 Bandpass Filter Design

  • 20.5.1 Second Order Bandpass Filter

  • 20.5.2 Fourth Order Bandpass Filter (Staggered Tuning)

  • 20.6 Band Rejection Filter Design

  • 20.6.1 Active Twin T Filter

  • 20.6.2 Active Wien-Robinson Filter

  • 20.7 All Pass Filter Design

  • 20.7.1 First Order All Pass Filter

  • 20.7.2 Second Order All Pass Filter

  • 20.7.3 Higher Order All Pass Filter

  • 20.8 Practical Design Hints

  • 20.8.1 Filter Circuit Biasing

  • 20.8.2 Capacitor Selection

  • 20.8.3 Component Values

  • 20.8.4 Op Amp Selection

  • 20.9 Filter Coefficient Tables

  • References

  • Chapter 21: Fast, Practical Filter Design for Beginners

  • 21.1 Introduction

  • 21.2 Picking the Response

  • 21.3 Low Pass Filter

  • 21.4 High Pass Filter

  • 21.5 Narrow (Single Frequency) Bandpass Filter

  • 21.6 Wide Bandpass Filter

  • 21.7 Notch (Single Frequency Rejection) Filter

  • 21.8 Band Reject Filter

  • 21.9 Summary of Filter Characteristics

  • Chapter 22: High Speed Filter Design

  • 22.1 Introduction

  • 22.2 High Speed, Low Pass Filters

  • 22.3 High Speed, High Pass Filters

  • 22.4 High Speed Bandpass Filters

  • 22.4.1 Modifying the Deliyannis Topology

  • 22.4.2 Modified Deliyannis versus MFB

  • 22.4.3 Lab Results

  • 22.5 High Speed Notch Filter

  • 22.5.1 Simulations

  • 22.5.2 Lab Results

  • 22.5.3 1 MHz Results

  • 22.5.4 100 kHz Results

  • 22.5.5 10 kHz Results

  • 22.6 Conclusions

  • Chapter 23: Circuit Board Layout Techniques

  • 23.1 General Considerations

  • 23.1.1 The PCB Is a Component of the Op Amp Design

  • 23.1.2 Prototype, Prototype, Prototype

  • 23.1.3 Noise Sources

  • 23.2 PCB Mechanical Construction

  • 23.2.1 Materials: Choosing the Right One for the Application

  • 23.2.2 How Many Layers Are Best?

  • 23.2.3 Board Stack-Up: The Order of Layers

  • 23.3 Grounding

  • 23.3.1 The Most Important Rule: Keep Grounds Separate

  • 23.3.2 Other Ground Rules

  • 23.3.3 A Good Example

  • 23.3.4 A Notable Exception

  • 23.4 The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components

  • 23.4.1 Resistors

  • 23.4.2 Capacitors

  • 23.4.3 Inductors

  • 23.4.4 Unexpected PCB Passive Components

  • 23.5 Decoupling

  • 23.5.1 Digital Circuitry: A Major Problem for Analog Circuitry

  • 23.5.2 Choosing the Right Capacitor

  • 23.5.3 Decoupling at the IC Level

  • 23.5.4 Decoupling at the Board Level

  • 23.6 Input and Output Isolation

  • 23.7 Packages

  • 23.7.1 Through Hole Considerations

  • 23.7.2 Surface Mounting

  • 23.7.3 Unused Sections

  • 23.8 Summary

  • 23.8.1 General

  • 23.8.2 Board Structure

  • 23.8.3 Components

  • 23.8.4 Routing

  • 23.8.5 Bypassing

  • References

  • Chapter 24: Designing Low Voltage Op Amp Circuits

  • 24.1 Introduction

  • 24.2 Dynamic Range

  • 24.3 Signal to Noise Ratio

  • 24.4 Input Common Mode Range

  • 24.5 Output Voltage Swing

  • 24.6 Shutdown and Low Current Drain

  • 24.7 Single Supply Circuit Design

  • 24.8 Transducer to ADC Analog Interface

  • 24.9 DAC to Actuator Analog Interface

  • 24.10 Comparison of Op Amps

  • 24.11 Summary

  • Chapter 25: Common Application Mistakes

  • 25.1 Introduction

  • 25.2 Op Amp Operated at Less than Unity (or Specified) Gain

  • 25.3 Op Amp Used as a Comparator

  • 25.3.1 The Comparator

  • 25.3.2 The Op Amp

  • 25.4 Improper Termination of Unused Sections

  • 25.5 DC Gain

  • 25.6 Current Source

  • 25.7 Current Feedback Amplifier: Shorted Feedback Resistor

  • 25.8 Current Feedback Amplifier: Capacitor in the Feedback Loop

  • 25.9 Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Single Ended Termination

  • 25.10 Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect DC Operating Point

  • 25.11 Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Common Mode Range

  • 25.12 The Number 1 Design Mistake

  • Appendix A: Single Supply Circuit Collection

  • A.1 Introduction

  • A.2 Instrumentation Amplifier

  • A.3 Simplified Instrumentation Amplifier

  • A.4 T Network in the Feedback Loop

  • A.5 Inverting Integrator

  • A.6 Inverting Integrator with Input Current Compensation

  • A.7 Inverting Integrator with Drift Compensation

  • A.8 Inverting Integrator with Mechanical Reset

  • A.9 Inverting Integrator with Electronic Reset

  • A.10 Inverting Integrator with Resistive Reset

  • A.11 Noninverting Integrator with Inverting Buffer

  • A.12 Noninverting Integrator Approximation

  • A.13 Double Integrator

  • A.14 Differential Integrator

  • A.15 AC Integrator

  • A.16 Augmenting Integrator

  • A.17 Inverting Differentiator

  • A.18 Inverting Differentiator with Noise Filter

  • A.19 Augmented Differentiator

  • A.20 Basic Wien Bridge Oscillator

  • A.21 Wien Bridge Oscillator with Nonlinear Feedback

  • A.22 Wien Bridge Oscillator with AGC

  • A.23 Quadrature Oscillator

  • A.24 Classical Phase Shift Oscillator

  • A.25 Buffered Phase Shift Oscillator

  • A.26 Bubba Oscillator

  • A.27 Triangle Oscillator

  • A.28 Attenuation

  • A.29 Simulated Inductor

  • A.30 Twin T Single Op Amp Bandpass and Notch Filters

  • A.31 Constant Current Generator

  • A.32 Inverted Voltage Reference

  • A.33 Power Booster

  • A.34 Absolute Value

  • A.35 Peak Follower

  • A.36 Precision Rectifier

  • A.37 AC to DC Converter

  • A.38 Full Wave Rectifier

  • A.39 Tone Control

  • A.40 Curve Fitting Filters

  • References

  • Appendix B: Terminating Differential Amplifiers

  • B.1 Introduction

  • B.2 Terminating a Differential Amplifier

  • B.3 Inverting Side

  • B.4 Noninverting Side

  • B.5 Differential Output

  • B.6 Testing the Result

  • B.6.1 Gain of 0.5

  • B.6.2 Gain of 1

  • Index

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